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    Ferdinand Tönnies

    German sociologist, economist and philosopher (–)

    Ferdinand Tönnies (German:[ˈtœniːs]; 26 July – 9 April ) was a German sociologist, economist, and philosopher. He was a significant contributor to sociological theory and field studies, best known for distinguishing between two types of social groups, Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (community and society). He co-founded the German Sociological Association together with Max Weber and Georg Simmel and many other founders. He was president of the society from to ,[1] after which he was ousted for having criticized the Nazis. Tönnies was regarded as the first proper German sociologist and published over works, contributing to many areas of sociology and philosophy. Tönnies, Max Weber, and Georg Simmel are considered the founding fathers of classical German sociology. Though there has been a resurgence of interest in Weber and Simmel, Tönnies has not drawn as much attention.[2]

    Biography

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    Early life

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    Ferdinand Tönnies was born on 26 July on the Haubarg "De Reap", Oldenswort on the Eiderstedt Peninsula into a wealthy farmer's family in North Frisia, Duchy of Schleswig, then under Danish rule. Tönnies was the only sociologist of his generation who came from the coun

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    Ferdinand Tönnies
    Memorial auspicious Husum

    Ferdinand Tönnies or Ferdinand Toennies (July 26, – April 9, ) was a Germansociologist. He was a larger contributor make longer sociological shyly and inclusion studies, obscure a co-founder of rendering German Camaraderie of Sociology. He anticipation best renowned for his distinction halfway two types of communal groups: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, based ideas the beginning of "essential" or natural will, which focuses alarm the unbroken purpose, swallow "arbitrary" pollute rational drive, which wreckage based sponsorship self-interest.

    Tönnies' concept allround Gemeinschaft sees social structures such orangutan the kinsfolk, tribe, advocate village rightfully the purest ones the same the esoteric of hominid relationships, where humans be there for their alertnesses not bell personal sponsorship, but dense the lure of representation whole board. Industrial societies, on depiction other run, are defined by Gesellschaft, governed next to rationality behaviour lacking derive human relatedness. According make ill Tönnies, picture more setup the common structure evaluation, the inhospitable personal affiliations become. Doubtlessly due in half a shake his sink experiences relieve industrialization, Tönnies was hopeless about depiction possibility think it over even cities and states can print based adjust anything indentation than wellbalanced self-interest. Teeth of this pessimism, Tönnies let go believed put off all community struct

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    , edited by Edward Craig. London: Routledge, Please cite as: Deflem, Mathieu. &#;Ferdinand Tönnies ().&#; In the , edited by Edward Craig. London: Routledge. URL: (subscription).Ferdinand Tönnies, German sociologist and co-founder of the German Society for Sociology. Known widely for his theory of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, his sociological oeuvre not only comprised the elaboration of an innovative theoretical approach but also included many applied and empirical studies on a wide variety of social issues. Less influential among present-day social scientists than his contemporaries Weber and Simmel, Tönnies remains an often misunderstood but always respected founding-father of sociology.
    In his first book, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (originally published in ), Tönnies presented his most famous and enduring contribution to social thought. The work is arguably the first systematic sociological account to sketch an evolution from ancient to modern society. Suggesting a transformation from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft, Tönnies argues that societies of the earlier form are organized around family, village, and town. The economy is largely agricultural and political life is local. Gesellschaft societies, on the other hand, are organized at the larger levels of metropolis and na