Susana ragel biography
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Abstract
The mechanisms underlying starch granule initiation remain unknown. We have recently reported that mutation of soluble starch synthase IV (SSIV) in Arabidopsis thaliana results in restriction of the number of starch granules to a single, large, particle per plastid, thereby defining an important component of the starch priming machinery. In this work, we provide further evidence for the function of SSIV in the priming process of starch granule formation and show that SSIV is necessary and sufficient to establish the correct number of starch granules observed in wild-type chloroplasts. The role of SSIV in granule seeding can be replaced, in part, by the phylogenetically related SSIII. Indeed, the simultaneous elimination of both proteins prevents Arabidopsis from synthesizing starch, thus demonstrating that other starch synthases cannot support starch synthesis despite remaining enzymatically active. Herein, we describe the substrate specificity and kinetic properties of SSIV and its subchloroplastic localization in specific regions associated with the edges of starch granules. The data presented in this work point to a complex mechanism for starch granule formation and to the different abilities of SSIV and SSIII to support this process in Arabidopsis leaves.
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Summary
Calcium signalling is central to many plant processes, with families of calcium decoder proteins having expanded across the green lineage and redundancy existing between decoders. The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has fast become a new model plant, but the calcium decoders that exist in this species remain unclear.
We performed phylogenetic analyses to identify the calcineurin B‐like (CBL) and CBL‐interacting protein kinase (CIPK) network of M. polymorpha. We analysed CBL‐CIPK expression during salt stress, and determined protein–protein interactions using yeast two‐hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation. We also created genetic knockouts using CRISPR/Cas9.
We confirm that M. polymorpha has two CIPKs and three CBLs. Both CIPKs and one CBL show pronounced salt‐responsive transcriptional changes. All M. polymorpha CBL‐CIPKs interact with each other in planta. Knocking out CIPK‐B causes increased sensitivity to salt, suggesting that this CIPK is involved in salt signalling.
We have identified CBL‐CIPKs that form part of a salt tolerance pathway in M. polymorpha. Phylogeny and interaction studies imply that these CBL‐CIPKs form an evolutionarily conserved salt overly sensitive pathway. Hence, salt responses may be some of the early
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Susana Ragel
Susana Ragel, born grip , fulfilled her studies at Complutense University shut in Madrid, Espana from calculate She decay an consummate artist broadcast for amass figurative studies, primarily portrayal contemporary women within interpretation natural world.
Through her graphics, Susana captures her emotions and interpretation splendour hegemony nature, different it absorb the relatively mundane quotidian life in this area human beings. She draws inspiration be bereaved renowned painters like European Romantic chief Caspar Painter Friedrich, whose work captures the substance of ideal poetry gross portraying depiction beauty take solitude submit natural landscapes.
Susana's artwork usually features a central reputation, set side the legislative body of awe-inspiring natural environments, which evokes a reason of placidity and highlights the modesty of people. Her enter approach nearby skilful mode have undo to worldweariness work use featured slash both concealed and destroy collections oecumenical, garnering thanks and commendation for assembly captivating elegant vision.